EPICTETUS
Born into slavery and later freed, he taught how to prevent external conditions from taking possession of our judgment and capacity to choose.
C. 55–135 CEStoicismRome
Core ideas
CONTROLJUDGMENTROLEINNER FREEDOMTRAINING
Works & sources
Discourses · Enchiridion
EPICTETUS, a first reading
Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher who had lived in slavery, taught about freedom in judgment and choice.
What is up to us: what does it mean?
What is up to us concerns our judgments and choices, rather than every outcome. The distinction supports responsible action within our roles without pretending that external events are ours to command.